SCIENCE
OF TSUNAMI HAZARDS
The
International Journal of the Tsunami Society
Volume
26, No. 1 - Year
2007
ISSN 8755-6839
ABSTRACTS
PRELIMINARY
ANALYSIS OF THE EARTHQUAKE (MW 8.1) AND TSUNAMI OF APRIL 1, 2007,
IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS, SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN
Michael A.
Fisher, Eric L. Geist, Ray Sliter, Florence L. Wong, Carol Reiss,
and Dennis M. Mann
U.S. Geological
Survey,
345 Middlefield Rd., MS 999, Menlo Park, California, USA
ABSTRACT
On April 1, 2007,
a destructive earthquake (Mw 8.1) and tsunami struck the central
Solomon Islands arc in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The earthquake
had a thrust-fault focal mechanism and occurred at shallow depth
(between 15 km and 25 km) beneath the island arc. The combined
effects of the earthquake and tsunami caused dozens of fatalities
and thousands remain without shelter. We present a preliminary
analysis of the Mw-8.1 earthquake and resulting tsunami. Multichannel
seismic-reflection data collected during 1984 show the geologic
structure of the arc's frontal prism within the earthquake's
rupture zone. Modeling tsunami-wave propagation indicates that
some of the islands are so close to the earthquake epicenter
that they were hard hit by tsunami waves as soon as 5 min. after
shaking began, allowing people scant time to react.
Science of Tsunami
Hazards, Vol. 26, No. 1, page 3 (2007)
A
SHALLOW WATER MODEL FOR COMPUTING TSUNAMI ALONG THE WEST COAST
OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA AND THAILAND USING BOUNDARY-FITTED CURVILINEAR
GRIDS
Md. Fazlul
Karima, G D Royb, Ahmad Izani M Ismaila, Mohammed Ashaque Meaha
mdfazlulk@yahoo.com
; gaurangadebroy@gmail.com; izani@cs.usm.my; mamsust@yahoo.com
School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Department of Mathematics, Shahjalal University of Science
& Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
The west coast
of Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand is curvilinear in nature
and the bending is especially high along the coast of South Thailand.
In hydrodynamic models for coastal seas, bays and estuaries,
the use of boundary-fitted curvilinear grids not only makes the
model grids fit well with the coastline and bathymetry, but also
makes the finite difference scheme simple. In this study, a shallow
water model is developed using boundary fitted curvilinear mesh.
The west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand and the western
open boundary are represented by two curves, which are defined
by two functions. The other two boundaries are considered as
straight lines along the open sea. Appropriate transformations
of independent coordinates are applied so that the curvilinear
physical domain transforms to a rectangular domain and the curvilinear
grid system transforms to a rectangular system. The depth averaged
shallow water equations and the boundary conditions are transformed
to the new space domain and these are solved in the rectangular
mesh of the transformed space. The model is applied to compute
some aspects of the tsunami associated with the 26 December 2004
Indonesian tsunami along the coastal belts of Penang in Malaysia
and Phuket in Thailand. The computed results along the coastal
belts are in excellent agreement with the observe data available
in the USGS website.
Keywords: boundary-fitted
curvilinear grid; shallow water model; Indonesian tsunami 2004
Mathematics Subject
Classification: 86A05, 86A17
Science of Tsunami
Hazards, Vol. 26, No. 1, page 21 (2007)
REFRACTION
OF TSUNAMI WAVES OF 26 DECEMBER 2004, ALONG SOUTHWEST COAST OF
INDIA
K.K.Varma and A. Sakkeer Hussain
Dept. of Fishery Hydrography, College of Fisheries
Panangad, Kochi - 682506.
ABSTRACT
In this paper the refraction of the tsunami of 26 December
2004, which caused severe damage along the south west coast of
India has been studied. Wave refraction diagrams for the possible
wave directions indicate convergence around the places like Kolachel,
around Kollam and Alappuzha, where greater destructions occurred
due to this tsunami and divergence at the places spared by the
tsunami. Broad areas vulnerable to tsunamis have been identified.
Possible causes for increased destruction in Kolachel at the
southern tip of Indian peninsula are discussed. Bottom topography
is one of the factors that determine the intensity of the tsunami
waves. Bottom steering is caused by the wave refraction. Comparatively
gentler sloping topography in a zone north of Kollam at depths
beyond 200m and the topographic dome off Kollam appear to have
influence on determining the impact of tsunamis.
For correspondence (E-mail: varmacochin@yahoo.com)
Science of Tsunami
Hazards, Vol. 26, No. 1, page 42 (2007)
THE
ALL-SOURCE GREEN'S FUNCTION AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO TSUNAMI PROBLEMS
ZHIGANG XU
CANADIAN HYDROGRAPHIC SERVICE, MAURICE LAMONTAGNE INSTITUTE
FISHERIES AND OCEANS CANADA
P.O. Box 1000,
850 route de la Mer Mont-Joli, Québec Canada G5H 3Z4
E-mail: xuz@dfo-mpo.gc.ca
ABSTRACT
The classical Green's
function provides the global linear response to impulse forcing
at a particular source location. It is a type of one-source-all-receiver
Green's function. This paper presents a new type of Green's function,
referred to as the all-source-one-receiver, or for short the
all-source Green's function (ASGF), in which the solution at
a point of interest (POI) can be written in terms of global forcing
without requiring the solution at other locations. The ASGF is
particularly applicable to tsunami problems. The response to
forcing anywhere in the global ocean can be determined within
a few seconds on an ordinary personal computer or on a web server.
The ASGF also brings in two new types of tsunami charts, one
for the arrival time and the second for the gain, without assuming
the location of the epicenter or reversibility of the tsunami
travel path. Thus it provides a useful tool for tsunami hazard
preparedness and to rapidly calculate the real-time responses
at selected POIs for a tsunami generated anywhere in the world's
oceans.
Keywords: all-source
Green's functions, real-time tsunami arrival simulations, tsunami
arrival time charts, tsunami gain charts.
Science of Tsunami
Hazards, Vol. 26, No. 1, page 59 (2007)
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Last updated: September 2007